-y 



2, No. 23. 
Monthly. 



JULY, 1894. 



fl.20 per Year. 
rice, 10 Cents. 



GV 783 
Copy 2 



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\^y yiTtlLETJC 




CAiNOEIiNC 




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[ROWING GOODS. 



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Our Illustrated Catalogue contains a full list of 

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V 




War Canoe, Toronto Club. 
30 feet by 5 feet, lioltls 20, 16 paddlcii 




Paul Butler, of Lowell, Mass. Canoe "Wasp," winner of American Cf 
Association Sailing Trophy, 1892 and 1893. Hoisting Sails, 
Deck Scat and 'Thwartship Tiller. 



Ca.noe;s 

Canoeing, 

BY V 

c. bo\we:r vaux. 



PADDLIXCl, SAILIX(i, CRUISING AND RACING 

CANOES, AND THKIR US-KS, WITH HINTS 

ON RK; and ^lANAGEMKNT, ETC. 



THF S;PORT IS PURELY AMATEUR. 



'S FULLY '^LLUSTRATED 

1 



PUBLISHED BY THE 

AnERlCAN SPORTS PUBLISHINQ COAPANY, 



QSFYKII.HI, l.-iyt. I ■ 'HE AmEKILA-N ShoRTS PUBLISHING, Co.MPANY. 



N_ 




RACING RIG, LEG OF MUTTON STANDING SAI] 




CANOES AND CANOEING 



GENERAL SUGGESTIONS. 



i/f 



is a boat, sharp, at both ends, propelled by 
e. It may be of bark, a log hollowed out, 



^ CANOE 

^ a padd 

I the skins of animals, thin boards secured to a frame, 
a^vfri^-si^yfr^ metal, paper or any other suitable material, built 
open or decked over. 

The size of a canoe depends on the needs of the owner. The 
smallest canoes are those built to hold one man. A canoe ten 
feet long and weighing less than ten pounds, has been built and 
used for cruising. The canoe in the Natural History Museum, 
New York, from Queen Charlotte's Island, is sixty-three feet 
long, eight feet three inch&s Avide and five feet deep. It was 
cut out of a single log. Canoes are now built in length between 
ten and thirty-five feet. 

Many people think only of the birch bark when they hear the 
word canoe. Birch canoes are in use to-day in the Maine woods, 
but the light, open, Canadian canoe, built of cedar or basswood. 
has almost entirely taken its place. The cedar boat is even 
lighter than the bark canoe, stronger and of better lines, though 
quite similar to the birch in its form and general appearance 
and is more easily paddled. Then there is an almost endless 
varietv of decked canoes. 



O CANOEING. 

Canoes in Canada cany the spoilsman, his provisions and 
camping outfit to the hunting ground, and the fisherman to the 
pools and rajyids wliere salmon and trout are taken with the fly 
The single blade paddle is used on still water and in running 
rapids. A pole is often depended on when the canoe has to be 
forced up stream. The hunting canoes usually hold two men 
And all their baggage. 




-^ - 



Open Canadian Canoe, Single Blade Paddle. Kneeling Position. 

Sometimes these boats are built large enough to hold four men 
or even more. Decked cruising canoes rarely hold more than 
one and never more than two persons. 

A country of lakes, rivers and forests, where there are few if 
any roads, is inaccessible except by means of the canoe — a boat 
light enough to be carried on the shoulders of a man over a 
portage from one watershed to another or around a fail or rapid 



Canoeing and Camping, 

There are more people every year who go to the woods to 
camp out. and many of them go simply for the benefits to be 
derived from an out-of-door life, without any idea of hunting 
or fishing. The canoe is one of their chief sources of enjoy- 
ment, because in it they can exph^re rivers and lakes, and take 
short journeys from camp to attractive points in the neighbor- 
hood. The canoe may be the means by which they reach their 
camp-ground from civilization, and in it they return home, 



CANOEING. 1 

':ogetlicr Avitli lluir canipiiiL; nuttii, a\ lieu tlie vacation is ove; . 
Whole families niake sucli canoeing-cam^iiiig excursions in 
Canada yearly, and the ladies enjoy paddlin;^ and llie camp 
<|uitc as keenly as do the men. 

Choice of a Canoe. 

^\'hal kind oi a canoe do I want ? 

Tliat depends on the water near your house (if you expect tc 
use the canoe there), the kind of canoeinj^ you propose to do 
and the price )'ou are Axilling to pa\ . 

Cost. 

There are nc>w many canoe builders in the country and a 
^reat variety of canoes can l>e bought in stock ready made. 
The small, open boats, suitable for smooth water paddling neai 
jumic. cost irom $35 up to $60. The full size Canadiaii 
(\\noes in the States, i6 feet by 30 inches, cost from $60 to 




, DouIjL Blade Puddles. Sitting Position. 

ir cruising canoes cost from $100 to $150, and 
ihe racing, sailing canoes, built to order, cost, fully rigged, 
from ^175 to $250. and then a large part of the rigging must b ■ 
dime by the sa'lor himself. The big war canoes, as they a: j 
called, usually purchased ])y clubs, cost !)etween f 200 and ?^30 ; 



^ CANOF.ING. 

The standard canoe is i6 feet long and 30 inches wide, and is 
intended to carry one man comfortably. 

The American Canoe Association rules* do not allow any 
canoes over 16 feet by 30 inches in the races ; and experience 
has shown that for general canoeing purposes this is the most 
economical size for one man, take it all in all wSuch a canoe is 
easily paddled and a very fast sailer when properly built and 
rigged. It is not too large or heavy to be easily handled on 
shore by two. 

Varnish. 

Canoes are usually varnished and not painted, and therefore 
should be kept under shelter when not in use. It is not possible 




Cruising Tent lor Decked Canoe. 

to keep a canoe under cover when not in use on a cruise and 
therefore care should be taken to cover the deck with a sail or 
blanket when the canoe is i)ulled up on shore and left exposed 
to the sun for any considerable length of time. A coat of good 
spar varnish should be put on before the cruise is begun, and 
after it is over the canoe should be rubbed down with sand 
paper and carefully varnished. A good canoe, properly cared 
for. will easily last twenty years. There are canoes in use 
to-day older than that. 

Cruising Canoe. 

If you intend to cruise on streams and rivers A\'hcre ra])ids are 
* See Appendix for A. C. A. rules. 



CANOFJNC.. 9 

met with, the canoe shnuUl be Imilt very light, so it can be 
easily carried l)y one man througli the woods and around dani, 
and falls ; and the paddle alone should be depended on — sails 
are used when the cruise is on open water and portaging is 
never necessary. A sailing canoe must be built very strong, and 
IS therefore somewhat heavy, with its centreboard, rudder, 
masts and sails. A sailing canoe is really a small yacht. 

Perhaps the l)est general cruising boat is what is known as 
Canadian open canoe. It is certainly the best for cruising 
w here portages are frequent, as it is very much lighter (for the 
load it will carry) than any decked canoe, and may be made 
i|uile as safe if " watertights " are built in the ends. It will 
carry two easily. 

Capacity. 

A cruising canoe should always be so built that it will hold 
easily, besides the paddler. provisions for a week, extra clothing. 




Decked Cruising Canoe, Folding Centreboard and Drup Rudder. 



a camping outfit, including a tent ; cooking utensils, blankets 
and other small necessaries. The cruiser should be ready to 
cook a meal at any time and also prepared to provide a night's 
b)dging for himself. If he is dependent on hotels for his bed 
and board he must 1)e pre])ared to give up the most enjoyable 
cruising waters. 

The cruising canoeman must be a jack-of-all trades if he 
expects to thoroughly enjoy his trips. He should be an expe- 
rienced camper, cook and boatman, as vi'ell as a good shot and 



handy with the rod. If you cannot do all of these thing-s your- 
L-elt, then arrange to lake your tirst cruise witli some one \\hi; 
can. 

Other Uses. 

Though cruising is by far the most enjoyable form of canoe- 
ing, pleasure may 1)6 derived from "afternoon" paddling and 
sailing, short excursions racing, and even from the purely 
mechanical work of paddling for exercise — and capital exercise 
It is. 

Safety. 

People say, " I don't like boating, it is not safe, many people 
are drowned every year." Quite true ! But did you ever stop to 
think how many people are killed on railroads and by runaway 
horses ? 

A man should never go canoeing, rowing or yachting until 
he can swim. There is really only one accident to guard 
against while canoeing — drowning — and with ordinary care the 
chances of this are very small. Every canoe is a lifeboat, or it 
should be. Canoeing is not agreeable in cold weather ; there- 
fore if one is upset no great harm can result, as the canoe will 
not only float, but it will keep its crew afloat also, and a duck- 
ing in summer is not a serious mishap. A few fatal accidents 
have happened to canoemen, but almost without exception tht- 
unfortunates could not swim or took foolhardy chances. 

Testing a Canoe. 

It is well to prove a new canoe safe by trying experiments 
with it near the shore, in order to find out if the air chambers 
are watertight, and to make sure that you can get in a capsized 
canoe from the water and bail it out. If the compartments are 
not watertight, have them made so at once. If you find you 
cannot get in the canoe after upsetting it. practice till you can. 
This trick is quite simple when you have acquired the knack. 
Learn to get in over the side, either side, and over the end; 
sometimes this is a more convenient way. If this sort of experi- 



menting has been tried, tlie canoeman who is pitched overboard 
at sometime or other (as all aie sure to be sooner or later) will 
know just what to do and will have confidence in liimself, and 
that is always half the battle. This confidence may be the 
means of saving another's life. The Canadians have a trick 
of shaking the water out of a swamped open canoe while swim- 
ming alongside, and then the paddler climbs in over the side 
withou-: upsetting even a very cranky craft. It is a pretty 
trick and few would believe it possible without seeing it done. 





PADDLING. 

Position. 

•^^^^^-^^^ADDLINCr is good exercise for the aims, wrists. 

f^ hack, and even the legs come in for a share. The 
I paddler may sit, kneel on one knee or on two. 
^•i;rypyp-!ipr^ OT Stand while paddling. The standing position 
is only taken for racing — and rarely even tken. The sitting 
position is the most comfortable, naturally, and the one usually 
taken for double blade paddling in either decked or open 
canoes. (See illustrations on pages 6 and 7.) When learning to 
paddle, it is well to sit very low down in the canoe, as the 
boat is far less likely to upset. 

The greatest power can be obtained when the paddler sits on 
about a level with the gunwale, but the canoe is usually very 
cranky then. 

Single Blade. 

(See cut, page 6.) 

The Canadians kneel on a cushion when paddling with the 
single blade, and half sit on a cross piece under which the feet 
are put, so that the heels also get a good brace. When two 
persons paddle an open canoe one sits forward and the other 
aft, and they paddle on opposite sides, changing from right to 
left, or left to right when they get tired. It requires consider- 
able skill for one person to paddle a canoe with a single blade 



CANOEING ^3 

naddle. for.hcn.hepaddlersitsin the middle and paddles on 
,„e side only. The canoe is kept from changing Us course by 
a tnrn of the paddle at the end of the stroke. Th,s tnrn of the 
paddle is done by the ^vrist, and when once acquired u ,s very 
easy to keep the canoe on a true course all the time. 

Cushions. 

cushions for canoes should be filled with cork .havings. 
They can then be used as life preservers in case of accdent. 

Double Blade. 

(See cut. page 7 > 
The double blade paddle is frequently used in open canoes 
and when the paddler takes a kneeling posit.on. A fomplete 
stroke then means a dip of the paddle on the rtght s,de of the 
,nd one on the left. It is entirely unnecessary to describe 
rro:ro:T;:dd,ing_anyone takes .0 ;---yJ- 
seated in a canoe and a paddle is placed m his or her hand 
rTl^mer faces forward and paddling is a perfectly natural 
motion quite ttnlike rowi.g. The usual position for the 
double blade paddler to take is on a cushion four or five inche 
"hove the bot'om of the boat. The feet rest on a stretcher 
which gives them a good brace. There is a cushioned back 
es against which the back and shoulders -e comfortably 
bTaced and in this delightfully easy position the work o 
paddling is done, while the paddler at all times sees where he 

'-T-^'te^'romrarCr^/'oXaierr; 

rranTt:: n"r find them very sore if he padd.s 

^ ^,„ Iv the first few times he tries this new exercise. Writer s 

rampinthewHstscanbe cured by a little paddling exercise 

daily- „. . 

Paddling Fittings. 

, pa.ldlii.g canoe needs only a cushion back rest foot brace 
J Twiddle .0 make it complete. Add a line at the bow (the 



14 CANOEIM.. 

painter) for towing or ticing the canoe and a sponge, and you' 
have all that the most exacting enthusiast could desire. 

Varieties of Canoe 

Some of the paddling canoes in conimoi: use are : the very 
small, light, open or decked canoes between ten or twelve feet 
long, the Canadian open canoes, and the regular decked canoes 
of {lom fourteen to sixteen reet in length. 

Still another form of paddling canoe was originated by the 
Toronto Canoe Cli^b in 18S9. and has since become quite a club 
feature of the sport — the big war canoe as it is called. This is 
a canoe thirty to thirty-five feet long, holding sixteen paddlers 
and several passengers besides. The big club canoe is very 
popular with the ladies, as there is plenty of room in it for them 
to move about, and they are in no danger of getting their 
dresses damaged by spray and the drip from the paddles. Then 
there is a certain sociability about a big party in one boat, that 
is al)sent when the same number, perhaps, are in small boats. 
A race between two or three of these big fellows is a fine sight, 
the sixteen men in each bending all their strength to the paddles 
at each stroke, and the several captains shouting orders or 
encouraging their crews. The \\ ar canoe when fully manned 
and going at racing speed looks, at a little distance, like soane 
great sea monster walking over the water on sixteen legs, as the 
men and the paddles move in unison and the individuals cannot 
he distinguished, and w^hen the men are all dressed alike in 
s6me appropriate costume the effect is still more striking. 

Steering Qear. 

Carroes used almost exclusively for paddling are sometimes 
fitted ivith a rudder, from the head of which lines run to pedals 
in the bottom of the canoe against Avhich the feet rest, and by 
this means a .slight movement of one foot or the other steers the 
canoe, thus relieving the arms of considerable work, especially 
in rough water. Open canoes are generally round bottomed 



and have little or no keel, and are therefore so easily steered 1)_\: 
the paddle ih.at a rudiler is entirely unnecessary. I'he rudder 
is absolutely necessary for sailing, and on a sailing canoe is very 
convenient even when i)addling, especially when a strong wind 
is blowing which ha-, a constant tendency to drive the bow 0:1 
the true course. 

Paddles. 

The single blade ])addle should be quite stifl", with very little 
spring to the blade and handle. A springy blade is known m 
(anad.a as a "woman's paddle.' The double l)lade should be 
about nine feet long, with a joint in the middle, so it can be 
taken apart and stowed below wdien not in use. The blades 
should be comparatively long and not very wide to get the best 
effect with the least effort. A short, wide blade is apt to get 
broken or split easily and strains the arms, as it does not give 
when dipped. A blade should slip through the water a little, 
especiallv during the Hrst few strokes, to give the best results. 

Drip Cup. 

The beginner will find that the water from the blades will 
run down the round of the paddle to the hands. This is caused 
by raising the paddle at too great an angle at each stroke. The 
drip can be prevented by putting drip cups on the rounil of the 
paddle just above the blade at each end. The best drip cup i> 
made by cutting the nipple off a rubber breast shield and sliij- 
ping the round of the paddle through the hole thus made. 
These breast shields can be bought at any drug store. An 
experienced paddler needs no drip cup to keep his hands dry. 

Getting In and Out. 

A beginner should be careful when getting in or out of a 

canoe, for at such times capsizes are most likely to occur. The 

canoe is very steady and not at all likely to up.et when the 

, paddler is sitting down, as his weight is then so placed that the 

centre of gravitv is verv lnw — much more so than in a r(Mv boat, 



i6 



CA.NOF.IN(; 



in which the oarsman sits on a seat near the level of the gun- 
wale and far above the water line. But when the paddler stands 
up, the conditions are reversed, and the narrow beam of the 
canoe, compared with the ordinary row boat, tells heavily against 
it in the matter of stability. A little practice in getting afloat 




RACING. 

and ashore at the beginning will help the novice to avoid a 
couraging upset, which is almost sure to ensue without it. 



Feathering. 

Join the two parts of the paddle with the blades at right angles 
to each other, so that the blade in the air at each stroke pre- 



sents its edge to the wind—'- feathers " in other words. A slight 
turn of i!.e wrist at each stroke accompli dies the result. It will 
be^ound far easier to paddle against a breeze when feathering. 
The A\ ind you cannot control, and therefore learn to paddle 
--Sainst It with the least friction of paddle, canoe body and 
annd. It is well to arrange a cruise down stream if you cr.n. 
Take every advantage of eddies and slack water along shore 
when paddling up stream or against the tide. Carry a light at 
night if in navigable waters— it is the law. 




18 



CA.NOKING. 





Criiising Rig, Hoisting Sails wiili battens and Reefing Gear 




Sections, Lines, Deck and Sheer Plans of a Decked Racing C:aiK 



SAILING. 

♦'^^^^^^^^^ i I E ^ail plays the principal pari w lic-ii Lanoc cruising 
i "T" fi is done on open water. A sailing canoe i-, nmcl, 
I I I more complicated than a paddler. It must \t:\\x- a 
^sprvjirsFrep-^ rudder, a centreboard or keel, besides one or more 
suits of two sails. The canoeman used to sit on the bottom 
for sailing, but the deck position has so many advantages that 
it is now universally taken. (See frontispiece and cut on page i6 ) 
Canoes are sailed exactly in the same way as a larger boat, and 
the canoe racing rules are almost exactly the same as those for 
the yacht racing. The paddle is always carried when sailing, to 
use in case the wind fails. 

There is not a prettier thing in the world than a canoe under 
.sail. ■ It is a little butterily on the water. If you want to see a 
pretty sight, go to one of the American Canoe Association's 
annual meets and watch a canoe sailing race, where twenty or 
more of these little fellows cross a line and sail over a triangii 
iar course in sight all the time. Every style of canoe, sail, and 
rig maybe seen along the shore and on the water during the two 
weeks of the meet, and more can be learned in a half days 
study of them than in a year of reading. 

The racing men some years ago adopted what is known as the 
sliding deck seat, which extends over the side of the canoe and 
on which the captain sits when sailing. It can be shifted from 
one side to the other when the canoe tacks and is much more 
comfortable to sit on than the deck, and dryer when sailing in 
rough water. Considerable skill is required to keep a canoe 
right side up when sailing, r.:- the harder the wind blows the 
further out of the canoe must the skipper get to hold it up. 
Crui>ers now use a deck seat, as it adds so much to one's com- 
fort when sailing. 

The regular sailing-racing canoes are now decked over entirely. 



20 



rANOKlNi;, 



with the exception of a small hole, called a cockpit, for the feet. 
This cockpit is boarded in on all sides, so that whatever water 
gets into it cannot get into the hold of the canoe. An upset in 
such a canoe does not matter in the least. The skipper climbs 
out on the windward side and by his weight lifts the sails out of 
the water and thus rights the canoe. As no water has been 
able to get into the canoe except the gallon or two in the cock- 
pit, the skipper sails on again as though nothing had happened. 
No canoeman minds getting his feet wet when sailing. 

The cockpit in an ordinary cruising canoe should l>c at least 
six feet clear between the bulkheads if the captain expects to 
sleep in it at any time. The deck opening need not be over 
five feet long and at least half of this can be covered with 
removable hatches. 

The Sailing Canoe. 

The paddling canoe is simple — boat, seat and paddling be- 
ing the essentials. The sailing canoe has, in addition to these, 
spars, sails, rigging, centreboard or keel, rudder or steering 
gear (perhaps ballast,) and a sliding seat. 

The canoe is so small and light a boat that it is necessary the 
sailor should keep in the middle to trim ship. Thus, it has 
come about, in order to get an effective rig. that the sail area is 
divided into two sails, one in front, and the other behind him. 
A rudder is necessary to control the movement of the canoe at 
all times. 

A boat must have considerable lateral resistance (as it is 
called, to sail in any direction relative to the course of the wind 
except straight before it. If a sail is put up in a shallow pad- 
dling canoe, and the boat is headed at right angles to the 
direction of the Avmd, for instance^ it will be found to drift 
sideways almost as fast as it goes ahead — it makes "leeway." 
accordmg to the sailor's vernacular. The addition of a straight, 
deep keel will prevent this and make it possible for the canoe 
to sail to Avindward; that is, by a series of tacks — sailing 
dagonally to the course of the wind — actually to make pro.gress 



CANOEING. 




'"^crXG RIG. STANDING bAlL AND SLIDING SEAT, 



22 CAXOUNC,^ 

against tlic wind. Iheie arc many disadvantages to the 'use of 
a keel. It makes the boat draw more water and, consequently. 
it cannot be navigated in sliallows. The long, straight keel 
prevents quick turning, and it adds materially to the weight. 
A hoisting centreboard serves the same jnirpose and does away 
with these disadvantages. 

The first sailing canoes had only one .small sail forward, 
about an inch of keel along the bottom, and were steered with 
the paddle, the skipper sitting at the bottom in exactly the 
same position as when paddling. Gradually the keel was deep- 
ened, the sail area increased, a se. ond sail added, and the rap- 
tain changed hi:; seat to the deck, so that his weight would be 
more effectively exerted against the sail ])ressure. Then the 
rudder became a necessity. 

The idea of making the earn c a general all-around sailing, 
paddling, cruising and campirg boat was alone recognized for 
many years, and all improv mients in rig were in this line. 
Therefore, when the centre' )ard was introduced, it was placed 
well forward so as not to c xmy the open cockpit space which 
the skipper occupied. 

The rig necessary with such a disposition of centreboard, in 
order to preserve the balance, was a large sail forward and a 
small sail aft. Some canoes were built with two centreboards, 
a very small one aft, so that more sail could be carried on the 
mizzenmast. The modern sailing canoe is the direct result of 
racing. The canoes that entered the races at the annual 
American Canoe Association meets, previous to iSSS. were all 
fairly good cruising canoes. Since then, the purely racing 
machine has come to the front^ and the general utility canoe 
relegated to the rear. Forty-three canoes crossed the finishing 
line in one sailing race at the meet of 1889. Six Avas the 
largest oum.ber that completed the course in 1893. 

A good sailing canoe can be built and rigged for $150.00. A 
fully equipped sailing-racing canoe, to compete successful!}- 
— 'th the modern flyers, costs considerably over $200.00. Long 
practice and great skill are required to win a sailing race; but 




CANOE GYiMNASTICS OX SLIDING SLAT. 



24 CAKOVINa. 

anyone who knows even a little about sailiiirr, can very soon 
learn to manage a moderately rigged ciuising canoe and derive 
great pleasure from the sport. Racing at present is too expen- 
sive in time and money fi;r many men to indulge in it. 

A few years ago the canoemen were ©bliged to make iheir 
own sails, do their own rigging, and even design and superin- 
tend the building of their canoes. The expert racers do this 
to-day. Now, the best builders supply all the modern improve- 
ments, and a fully equipped saling canoe can be purchased 
ready for the buyer to put in the water, get in himself and sail 
away. 

The Centreboard. 

This IS a brass plate working in a trunk, hoisted and lowered 
by a rod or line. The nearer it is placed to the centre of the 
canoe the better from a purely sailing point of view. It can be 
so placed without inconveniencing the canoeman, if he gives 
up all idea of sleeping in his boat. This was thought to be a 
necessary qualification of any canoe formerly, and veiy pretty 
and convenient tents were made to put up at night over the 
cockpit as a shelter, the canoe, of course, being drawn up on 
the shore. (See cut on page 8.) 

There are two makes of folding boards, fan-shaped, in lim- 
ited use to-day, which, when hoisted, occupy a small, water- 
tight box in the keel of the canoe and leave the cockpit clear 
for sleeping room. They are somewhat prone to get out of 
order and check the speed considerably when lowered, and are, 
consequently, not popular. (See page 9, Radix Folding-board.) 
If a small and compact shore tent is carried in the hold of the 
canoe, all camping requirements are provided without in any 
way lessening the speed and handiness of the canoe. 

The centreboard is dropped when sailing on all points of the 
wind, except just before it, and may be left down then as bal- 
last without any appreciable loss of speed It is hauled up 
when paddling, cruising in shallow water, and when the canoe 
is housed or drawn up on shore. It can even be lifted out of the 



rAN«lKlN(;. 25 

trunk and clear of llie canoe lo lessen the weight to be carric'. 
if so dc ired. (Canoe on paj^e iS has plate-board.) 

The Rudder 

The drop rudder is now almost universally used. It .s of 
brass, and the plate that is in the water can be raised when it is 
down by means of a line leading to the cockpit ; when up it 




From au instantaneous photograph. 

drops of its own weight, if the line is released. The drop rud 
der, when down, reaches far below the keel, and rarely if ever 
jumps out of the water when the stern goes up in the air as the 
canoe rides over a high wave. It is thus always partly in the 
water at least, and will steer the canoe at any time. It is 



20 CANOKINC".. 

raised' up just as llic centreboard is -when the eanoe is run into 
^hallcnv water or on .-here. (See cut on pa;.;e (j. ) 

Lines run from the rudder crosshead to a tiller w ilhiu easy 
reacli of the canoeman's hand. This tiller is a movable stick 
luvoted on the deck, a\ liich can t)e reached from either side of 
the canoe on which the skipper happens to be sitting. (See 
( ut on page iS — upper one ) If a sliding deck seat is used, on 
which the sailor sits well out over the side of the cai^.oe, tlie 
tiller is made to slide also, so as always to l)e within reach. 
(See frontispiece.) 

The sliding seat is a racing device, as is also the athwart 
ship tiller, but both have been found so comfortable for cruising 
])urposes that they are now generally used on all sailing canoes. 
but not, of course, made to the extreme racing sizes. The cut 
of a crack racing canoe on the preceding page shows to what 
lengths the sliding seat has been carried. A smart squall has 
just struck the sails and the skipper has gone out to the extreme 
length of his seat to keep the canoe from capsizing, thus getting 
his entire body out to the windward of the boat. It requires 
strength and skill to go to such extremes, as the slightest let 
up in the force of the wind, without a quick shift of position, 
would upset the canoe to windward. (See frontispiece, cuts on 
l>ages i6, 21 and 23 for sliding seats.) 

Sails. 

There is proliably no form, shape, cut or make of sail that 
has not at some time l)een tried on a canoe. The sails and rig 
must be very simple, as one man has to handle them and at the 
same time balance and manage the eanoe. The lateen is a 
simple sail, and for this reason was very popular and largely 
used a few years ago. The sail is triangular, with sticks (spars) 
on two sides linked together at the angle — boom and yard. A 
short mast with a pin in the top completes the spars. A ring is 
lashed to the yard which fits over the pin in the mast, and a jaw 
on the boom, which fits the mast and holds the boom in place. 
A line attached near the end of the boom, called the sheet. 



ANOEINC, 



^7 




V 



LATEEN SAIL AND SPARS. 

completes the out.k. The canoeman trin.s ,he sail with the 
sheet ana the sail is bochly Mte.l off the mast when n .s to be 
taken dosvn. ^Vhen two sails are used, the sheet of the m..zen 
,,.h>ch is belund the skipper) lea<ls to a block or rin, on deck at 
Ihe stern, and from it to a cleat within easy reach ot the sk.p- 
ners hand amidship. (See cut on page 25- ) 

The standing sad i-^ better than tlie lateen in several ways, 



28 



CANOEr.NG. 




STAXIilXr, SAIL 



1 he triangular sail is a leg of mutton with only two spars, boom and mast 

The five-sided sail has mast, boom and two battens. Both 

sails have only one rope — the sheet. 



CANOEING. 29 

and even simpler. It has only mast, boom and sheet. The 
cloth of the sail is sewed or laced to the spars. The boom can 
be folded up against llie mast, and the sail wrapped around it. 
It can be set or furled by simply unrolling it and standing the 
mast up in the mast tube in the canoe, or lifting it out and 
rolling it up. The size of the sail can be greatly increased 
witfiout lengthening either mast or boom, by the use of battens 
slipped in pockets made in the sail, as shown in the diagram. 

Racing canoes have many standing sails of different sizes, 
suitable for light, moderate or heavy weather, and the suit best 
suited to the day is used in a race, the others, of course, being 
left on the shore. The large light weather rigs spread nearly 
two hundred square feet of sail, and the heavy weather rig i-, 
rarely under seventy-five feet The latter area is ample for a 
cruising canoe, and it will often occur on a cruise that fifteen or 
twenty square feet will be found quite sufhcient for speed and 
comfort. 

Tliere are those who prefer a hoisting and lowering rig to 
either lateen or standing sails and use it for both cruising and 
racing. There is much to be said in favor of the standing sail, 
especially on account of its simplicity, but for those who are not 
afraid of a little trouble, the hoisting rig is much more satisfac- 
tory It can be hoisted, lowered and reefed by the skipper 
while afloat, and consequently is far better for cruising 01 long- 
distance sailing than the standing sail. Small blocks, strong 
line and neat fittings can now be purchased, and several sail- 
makers cut ^nd sew very fine sails for canoes. A hoisting sail 
is 'yachty" and far more scientific than any other, but it needs 
a " sailor man" to make and handle it well. 

Battens in canoe sails have been used for many years, and the 
yachts have lately borrowed this idea for keeping parts of their 
sail areas perfectly flat. 

There have been innumerable reeHng gears Mivented and 
used on hoisiing sails by which they can be quickly and simply 
reefed by the captain without moving from his seat. Canoe 
men larelv if ever reef in races now; the races are not long 



30 canokint;. 

enough in point uf tiiAie to make it necessary (as violent change^ 
of wind rarely occur), liut for ciuisingor pleasure sailing for all 
day a reefaljle sail is absolutely necessary. 

Canoe sailors often take lo larger boats, and of late year^ 
their ideas in models, rigs, sails and fittings have materially 
affected small yachts and skiffs to greatly improve them. 

The St. Lawrence skiff" is nothing more nor less than a large 
canoe, and would be called a canoe if it was not propelled by 
oars so frequently. A sailing skiff is a canoe in every sense of 
the word and the racing skiffs on the vSt. Lawrence have 
adopted all the canoeing devices (except the sliding seat) — plate, 
centreboard, drop-rudder, tvvo batten sails, watertight bulkheads 
—and they are sailed in exactly the same way except that from 
four to six men compose the crew instead of one man. The 
crew all sit to windward when tacking, and leair far out during 
the heavy puffs. 

The single-hand cruisers, so called, are also often owned, 
designed and rigged by ex-canoemen. The best type of such 
boats thus far produced ("Scarecrow" and 'La (jlaria " 
models) are solely the work of canoemen. 

A larger boat than a canoe is demanded by those mIio want 




Sa. Lawrence River Skiff. Spreet Sail. 




St. L 



.XT Racm- Skiff 



companionship -when sailing, and by those aKo who live near 
and enjoy the sport on large bodies of water, where the Maves 
are at limes too heavy for comfort in so small a craft as a sixteen- 
footer, only thirty inches wide. Be it in canoe, skiff or single- 
hander, if you are fond of the \\ater and need recreation, my 
adviee is, " gt-t afloat," and "learn t<.) swim." Perhaps the 
t ■:•.]<!■ should be reversed. 



3? 



' NOEINC- 




SINGLE HANDER, "SCARECROW 



RACING REGULATIONS. 

Rli.e I. — A canoe, to compete in any race of the A. C. A., 
must be sharp at both ends, with no counter stern or transom, 
and capable of being efficiently paddled by one man, and must 
come within the prescribed limits, as follows. Maximum length, 
16 feet, and for that length a maximum beam of 30 inches. 
Minimum l^eani, 28 inches. Beam may be increased 1^ inch for 
each full inch of length decreased. No canoe shall have a draft 
of more than 10 inches, except the unclassified boats, to which 
class the limits of length and breadth only shall apply. 

In centreboard canoes, the keel outside of the garboard shall 
not exceed i/^ inches in depth, including a metal keel band of 
not over "^^ inch deep. The centreboard must not drop more 
than 18 inches below the garboard, and when hauled up must 
not project below the keel. Canoes without centreboard may 
carry keels not over 3 inches deep below garboard, and not 
weighing more than 36 pounds. Leeboards may be carried by 
canoes not having centreboards. 

Measurements — The length shall be taken between perpen- 
diculars at the foreside of stem and the aft side of stern. The 
beam shall be taken at the widest part, not including the bead 
ing, which shall not exceed iK inches in depth. If deeper, i! 
shall be included in the beam. The word " beam " shall meai: 
the breadth formed by the fair lines of the boat, and the beam 
at and near the water line shall bear a reasonable proportion to 
the beam at the gunwale. 

The "cruising canoe" shall be one which conforms to the 
above conditions, and, in addition, has a well not less than 16 
inches Avide for a length of 3 feet 6 inches, with a sleeping 
space of 6 feet, of which at least 5 feet shall be clear. 

The centreboard, when housed, shall not project below the 
keel or above the coaming. The sliding seat shall not be 
longer than the beam of the boat, and no .standing sail shall b« 



used. The Regatta Committee may rule out any canoe which, 
in tlieir opinion, does not conform to the spirit of these regula- 
tions. 

The foaegoing rule.s- of measurement shall not be interpreted 
to disqualify any canoe built prior to January 1st. 1890. which 
conforms to the rules prior to that date. 

Rl"LE II. — None hut members of the American Canoe Associa- 
tion, unless upon the invit?.«^ion of the Regatta Committee, shall 
be permitted to enter its races and no canoe shall enter (hat is 
not enrolled on the Secretary's books, and no meml)er wlio is in 
arrears to the A^sociation shall compete in any race or claini 
any prize while such arrears remain unpaid. 

No canoe shall be entered at any one meet by more tlian one 
man. The crew " of each canoe shall consist of one man only, 
unless the programme of the Regatta states the contrary. Mem- 
bers must })addle or sail their own canoes. 

A canoe which is not owned or used lor lacing by any otljcr 
member present, shall be deemed to be the canoe of the mend)cr 
l)ringing it to camp. In double canoe races, the owner may a.>- 
sociate any other member with himself. 

RiTLE III. — All entries must be in writing, on the blanks pro- 
vided, and must be handed in to the Regatta Committee within 
such time as they may direct. 

Rule IA". — Every canoe entering, except for an upset race 
must have her entry number conspicuously placed on canoe or 
man when jiaddling, and <m both sides of mainsail while sailing. 
The clerk of the course shall provide each man. when he makes 
his entry with three prints of his number on cloth. 

RtJLE V. — Flags shall be given as prizes as follows A first 
prize in each race, and a second in each regular event when 
more than two finish. 

The winners of the Paddling Trophy, the Sailing Trophy and 
the first record man shall be given large practical bunting fla.gs. 
w-ith the year and race plainly marked thereon, and the five best 
flags ai the disposal of the Regatta Committee shall be given to 
the first five record men. Prizes donated for special races or 



CANOKING. 35 

competitions may be accepted at the discretion of the Regatta 
Committee. No prizes of money shall be raced for. 

Races. — There shall be three record races : No. i, paddling 
and sailing combined ; No 2 paddling : No. 3, sailing. To 
oljtain a place on the record, a contestant must enter and finish 
in all three record races. None but men who have entered for 
the record will be allowed to enter in any record races. Only 
such contestants as finish in all three races will receive a credit 
number according to position, relative to each other in each 
race — the highest number given in each race being equal to the 
number of the contestants, and the next one less, and so on , 
the three numbers given added together give the credit amount 
of the record. 

In the record races each contestant shall use but one canoe and 
one sailing rig, which shall be a practical hoisting and lowering rig 

In case of unavoulable accident which prevents a man from 
finishing in any one race, the Regatta Committee may, at its 
discretion, jjermit such canoe to enter the other two races, and 
licr marks to be counted for the record, but he shall receive 
/tro tor the race which he does not finish. 

The contestants obtaining the highest aggregation of points 
becomes the leading honor man for the year. There shall be a 
lace for the j)addling trophy. The total number of contestants 
.vhal! i)e unlimited. There shall be a race for the A, C. A. sail- 
ing trophy. Conditions as follows ; Sailing canoe, A. C. A. 
rules, no limit to rig or ballast ; time limit, 3% hours ; distance, 
9 miles Accredited representatives of foreiga clubs, not ex- 
ceeding five ill number, shall be eligible. Incase of more than 
f}\e foreign entries, the first five received shall be eligibleto 
start. The total number of starters shall not exceed fifteen and 
the ten or more vacancies (after deducting the foreign entries) 
shall be selected from competitors in the special 'Unlimited 
Race," as follows . The Regatta Committee shall nominate 
two and the balance (after deducting foreign entries) shall be 
taken fiom the leading men at the finish in their order. 

Rule VI. — The mode of turning stakeboats, and all direc- 



36 v,aNvjEi..o. 

tions for each race shall ])e announced in the programme of tlie 
Regatta Committee or posted on the bulletin boaid one hour 
before the race is called ; and any competitor not knowing the 
course, or mistaking it, or not following these rules, does so at 
his own risk. wStakeboats and buoys Avill be left on the port 
hand, when not stated distinctly to the contrary. The commit- 
tee shall have the power to change the direction of the race at 
any time before the first signal and shall indicate the same by 
flags, according to Rule XIII. The start and finish in all races 
shall be by the ])ow. 

Rule VII. — No pilotage or direction from any boat or from 
the shore will be allowed, and anyone accepting such assistance 
may be disqualified. 

Rule VIII. — A canoe touching a buoy or other canoe, unless 
wrongfully compelled to do so by another canoe, shall be dis- 
qualified. In case of a foul, the non-fouling canoe must go 
over the course, unless disabled beyond the possibility of tempo- 
rary repair, in order to claim the race. Every canoe must stand 
by its own accidents. If a canoe, in consequence of the viola- 
tion of any of the Rules, shall foul another canoe, or compel 
another canoe to foul any canoe, buoy or obstruction, or to run 
aground, she shall be disqualified. 

Rule IX. — Should the owner of any canoe, duly entered for 
a race, consider that he has fair ground of complaint against 
another, he must give notice of same, before leaving his boat on 
the finish of the race, to the Regatta Committee, and must pre- 
sent the same in writing within one hour. 

The sum of one dollar shall be deposited with each protest, 
to be forfeited to the Association should the protest not be sus- 
tained. The Regatta Committee shall, after hearing stich evi- 
dence as they may deem necessary, decide to protest, and the 
decision if unanimous, shall be final ; butjn case it is not unani- 
mous, an appeal may be made to the Executive Committee, 
when a dollar must be filed, and the Commodore shall call a 
meeting of the Executive Committee at once to hear and deter- 
mine the matter, whose decision shall be final. 



No member of either committee shall take part in the decision 
uf any question in which he is interested. In all cases where a 
protest is lodged on the g^round of fouling, evidence of actual 
contact shall be necessary to substanfate the protest. The 
Regatta Committee shall, without protest, disqualify any canoe 
which, to their knowledge, has committed a breach of the Rules. 

Paddling Races. 

Rule X. — Paddling races shall be started by the starter ask- 
ing, -Are you ready.? On receiving no answer he shall sa«y 

Go.' If he considers the start unfair, he may recall the 
boats, and any canoe refusi-^g to start again shall be distanced. 

The combined paddling and sailing race shall be started in 
the same manner the word Go' being immediately followed 
by a gun. 

Rule XI. — A canoe's own water is the straight course from 
the station assigned it at starting. Any canoe leaving its own 
water shall do so at its peril ; but if the stern of one canoe is a 
canoe's length ahead of the bow of another, the former may 
lake the water of the latter, which then becomes its own water 
and it shall only leave it at its peril. 

Sailing Races. 

Rule XII. — The paddle shall not be used in sailing races 
except for steering when the rudder is disabled, or shoving off 
w hen aground afoul of anything, or in extreme danger, as fro:n 
a passing steamer or from a squall. 

Rule XIII. — Five minutes before the start a signal will be 
given and a blue flag hoisted, and four minutes later a second 
signal will be given and a yellow flag hoisted, and one minute 
later a third signal will be give to start and an .\. C. A. flag 
hoisted and left up. 

Any canoe which crosses the course side of the; starting line 
prior to the third signal must return above the line and recross 
it. keeping out of the way of all competing canoes, using the 
pailiUe if necessary , but after the third signal the start shall be 



38 ' CANOEING. 

considered as made, and all canoes on either side of the line 
shall be amenable to the Sailing Rules. Canoes may take any 
position for starting, and prior to the third signal, may be sailed 
and worked in any manper (outside aid not allowed). A green 
flag displayed signifies that buoys are to be left to starboard, a 
red flag means to port. The Regatta Committee may vary the 
manner of starting at their discretion, but all sailing races 
should be started to windward ■•vhen practicable, and under a 
time limit. 

Rule XIV. — All shiftable ballast, except centreboards shaij 
be carried within the canoe and no fixed ballast shall be car- 
ried below the keelband. Ballast may be shifted, but no bal- 
last shall be taken in or thrown out during a race. 

Rule XV. — A canoe overtaking another shall keep out of the 
way of the latter but when rounding any buoy or vessel used 
to mark out the course, if two canoes are not clear of each 
other when the leading canoe is close to and is altering her 
helm to round the mark, the outside canoe must give the other 
room to pass clear of the mark whichever c3noe is in danger of 
fouling. No canoe shall be considered clear of another unless 
so much ahead as to give free choice to the other on which side 
she will pass. Ah overtaking canoe shall not, however, be 
justified in attempting to establish an overlap and thus force a 
passage between the leading canoe and the mark after the 
latter has altered her helm for rounding. 

Rule XVI. — Canoes close-hauled on the port tack shall give 
way to those on the starboard tack. In the event of a collision 
being imminent, owing to the canoe on the port tack not giving 
way, the canoe on the starboard tack shall luff and go about but 
shall never bear away. A canoe on the port tack compelling a 
canoe on the starboard tack thus to give way forfeits all claim 
to the prize. 

Rule XVII. — Canoes going free shall always give way to 
those close-hauled on either tack. 

Rule XVIII. — When canoes close-hauled are approaching r. 
shore, buov or other obstruction, and are so close that the 



C A No KING. 



39 



leewardmost cannot tack clear of the canoe to the windward of 
her, and by stamhng on would be in danger of fouling the 
obstruction, the canoe to windward shall on being requested, go 
about, and the canoe requesting her to do so shall also tack at once 

Rule XIX. — Should two or more canoes be approaching a 
w eather shore or any obstruction and be so close to each other 
that the weathermost one cannot bear away clear of the one to 
the leeward of her. and by standing on would be in danger of 
running aground or of fouling the obstruction, then the canoe 
that is to leeward shall, on being requested, at once bear away 
until sufficient room is allowed for the weathermost canoe to 
clear the obstruction. 

Rt:LE XX. — A canoe may luff as she pleases, in order to pre- 
vent another from pas.«,ing her to windward, provided she begin:^ 
to luff before an overlap has been established. An overlap is 
established when an overtaking canoe has no longer a free 
choice on which side she will pass, and continues to exist as 
long as the leeward canoe liy luffing or the weather canoe bv 
bearing away, is in danger of fouling. A canoe must never 
bear away out of her course to prevent the other passing to lee- 
ward ; the lee side to be considered that on which the leading 
canoe of the two carries her mainboom. The overtaking canoe, 
if to leeward must not luff until she has drawn clear ahead of 
the canoe she has overtaken. 

Rule XXI. — A canoe may anchor during a race, provided the 
anchor is attached or weighed on board the canoe during the 
remainder of the race. A canoe shall not be propelled by rock- 
ing or fanning. 

Ri I.E XXII. — A change in these rules desired by any member 
of the Association shall be presented by the Regatta Committee, 
with their approval or disapproval, to the Executive Committee 
for final action ; notice of such change having been given in the 
official organ.", at least two weeks before the vote of the Execu- 
i\e Committee is taken thereon. 

kri.K XXIII. — In case of temporary \acancies in the Regatta 
( uniiuittec, the i)tlicr members shall apptjint substitutes. 



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USED THE 



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and-Kick, Hand Ball, 
A. A.U. General Rules, 
A. A. U. Athletic 
Rules, Badminton, Bet- 
ting, Boxing — Mar- 
quis of Queensberry 
Rules, London Prize 
Ring Rules ; Broad- 
sword(Mounted) Rules, 
Gaelic Association, La- 
crosse, National Rifle 
Association, Pi tol and 
Revolver Shootmg, In- 
animate Target Shoot- 
ing, Live Bird Shoot- 
ing, Hockey, Polo 
(Water), Polo Associa- 
tion Rules, Polo(Rink), 
Quoiting, Racing — Po- 
tato, Sack, Obstacle, 
Three Legged ; Dog 
Racing, Pigeon Flying, Rowing, Racquets, Sheffield Rules, Skat- 
ing, Snow-Shoeing, Shuffleboard. Wrestling — Collar-and-Elbow, 
Catch-as-catch-can, Grseco-Roman, Devonshire, Side Hold, Cum- 
berland and Westmoreland, Cross-Country Rules, etc., etc. 
Price, postpaid, 50c. 
A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 




Ohioago. 



Philadelphia. 



New York* 




Sportsihei^'s Weah 



AND 



^ EQUIPMENTS. ^ 



NO GOODS SOLD AT RETAIL where Dealers 

Carry Our Line. Ask Your Dealer for 

Barnard's Goods; if He Cannot 

Supply You Send Direct to Us. 

Send for Catalogue. 



GEO. BARNARD & CO., 

1 3 and 5 Bond Street, 199 and 201 Madison Street,^ 

NEW YORK. CHICAGO. T 



SAIL BOATS 




Sailir\d Canoes, 

Racing Car^^oes, 
Cru-isers, ^i^ Keel 

and Cat Boats, 



Any style of the above built to order from our own designs of 
the most successful designers, or from other designs furnished 
by our customers. Specifications and estimates submitted on 
application. Boat Catalogue free to any address. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 

Chicaeo- Philadelphia. New York. 



CANO 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

■■ 

006 010 879 1 4 




CANADIAN CANOES, 

CLUB "WAR" CANOES» 
CLUB BARGES 



AND 



WORK BOATS. 



We are prepared to quote Boat Clubs on all sizes 
and styles of the above, and invite correspondence for 
estimates. 

Our Boat Catalogue mailed free to any address. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS.. 

Chicago. Philadelphia. New York. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 





006 010 879 1 m 



/'^ 



